Monday 27 April 2015

Employing Younger Workers

Much has been said about employing a spouse in a family business, but little information has been published about the potential benefits of employing younger workers in the same way.



Every individual of any age is entitled to a basic personal allowance of £10,600 (2015-16). For the under 16s there are no national insurance contributions (NICs) payable. An extra factor is that under 16s are not subject to the national minimum wage. This means that in the absence of any other taxable income, a 15 year old could legitimately receive a wage or salary between £1 and £155 per week entirely free of income tax and NICs. The business will receive full tax relief at its marginal rate of tax.

Another cost saving feature is that people under statutory school leaving age are not entitled to the statutory 5.6 weeks' paid holiday. However, they must have a two week break in each calendar year. They do not have to be auto-enrolled in a pension scheme.

Pitfalls

These highlights relate mostly to those under school leaving age but 17 year old workers are also treated differently from adult workers under the working time regulations so care is needed here too.

The definition of an employee is “a person who assists in a trade or occupation carried on for profit”; there does not necessarily have to be any payment involved.

Businesses are not allowed to employ under 13s unless permitted by local authority bye-law, or on an occasional basis as an employee of the child's parent or guardian working in light horticulture or agriculture. If you wish to employ a child, you must obtain a local authority permit which will specify the allowable hours of work – details must be sent to the local authority within one week of the child commencing employment.

Children can only work full time once they reach school leaving age (i.e. 18). In England, your leaving age depends on when you were born. You can leave school on the last Friday in June as long as you'll be 16 by the end of that year's summer holidays. You must stay in some form of education or training until your 18th birthday if you were born on or after 1 September 1997. From the summer of 2013, a young person must do some part-time education or training until they are 17.

There are strict rules governing hours, which stipulate that a child may work:
  • no more than 2 hours on school days or Sundays
  • no more than 12 hours in any week (i.e. 7 consecutive days) which contains a school day
  • no more than 5 hours (under 15s) or 8 hours (15+) on any day from Monday to Saturday on non-school days
  • no more than 25 hours (under 15s) or 35 hours (15+) in a week that does not contain a school day

There are also rules governing the time of day.

Children may not be employed for more than 4 hours without at least 1 hour's break, even if they have had short breaks during the 4 hours.

Some types of work are prohibited, largely on Health & Safety grounds. Local bye-laws need to be checked.

Absence from school due to employment, whether paid or not, is unauthorised absence and could lead to action against the parents.

The above restrictions do not apply to children on work experience, but there are different rules.

Please be aware that there are special safeguarding rules in place regarding people whose job involves carrying out a regulated activity. This includes employment where the duties include supervising or training children under 16 in the course of the children's employment. Employment includes unpaid work and therefore extends to children on work experience.

Please see our website for more useful information.

Tuesday 14 April 2015

What's new for the new tax year?


If you are a director or employee, this will be a year to pay particular attention to your PAYE code. The standard tax code for 2015/16 will be 1060L. This gives £10,600 tax free pay, so if your tax code is different, make sure you know why. As your tax adviser is no longer sent a copy of the notice of coding, if you think it may be wrong, let us know.

Two of many reasons why a tax code could be different from the standard 1060L are:

The new Marriage Allowance 

If you have a spouse or civil partner who is not a taxpayer, or who has savings income, the new ‘Marriage Allowance’ means that you may be able to save tax by transferring 10% of his or her personal allowance (£1,060) to the partner with the higher income. 

There are two main conditions:
  • Neither of you must be liable to pay tax at 40% or 45%
  • You are both under the age of 80 on 5 April 2015

Some publicity has said that the lower income spouse must have income of under £10,600 a year for the Marriage Allowance to be ‘claimed’, but this is misleading. From 6 April 2015, the first £5,000 of savings income is taxed at 0%, so the lower income partner could have significant savings income and still not be a taxpayer. ‘Savings income’ includes bank and building society interest, but not dividends paid by PLCs or private companies.

The timescale for this allowance is not completely straightforward. Although there has been a lot of advance publicity about the allowance, the online system will probably launch about the time you receive this newsletter and it is unlikely to be fully functional before the summer.

Owing money to HMRC 

HMRC has long had a power to collect money owing to it by changing PAYE tax codes. This can be a useful way of paying smaller tax bills, but from 6 April 2015, the limits increase. HMRC will be able to recover much larger debts through PAYE: up to £17,000 a year for those on incomes of £90,000 or over. Make sure you know what you owe HMRC and how you are paying it.

LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN

Most of us have got used to the topsy-turvy rules for Child Benefit and higher earners, where one member of a couple receives Child Benefit in full, and the other may have to pay part of it back to the Government through self-assessment, if earnings are over £50,000 a year. This is called the ‘High Income Child Benefit Charge’. It works like this: 

Jean and Ken have one child. Jean is the main carer and gets child benefit of £20.50 a week (in 2014/15). Ken earns just over £52,000 a year and has to pay back £213 of the Child Benefit through self assessment. But it is still possible for the detailed rules to catch people out.

Are you missing out?

The basic principles are clear enough. Where a single parent, or a member of a couple, has income of over £50,000 a year, there will be a High Income Child Benefit Charge.

The charge is 1% of the Child Benefit due, for every £100 of income over £50,000. This means, mathematically, that all the Child Benefit will have been clawed back where income reaches £60,000. In consequence, where earnings are over £60,000 a year, it simplifies the administration if the person entitled to the Child Benefit (who may not be the higher earner of the couple), makes an election to forgo the Child Benefit.

But now for the surprises. Income here means ‘adjusted net income’. This is a technical term meaning that you deduct the gross equivalent of pension contributions which have received basic rate tax relief at source, and Gift Aid payments. So if the ‘high earner’ makes significant pension contributions or Gift Aid payments during the year, you may find that you have a net Child Benefit entitlement after all.

If this happens, you are allowed to restart your Child Benefit claim, but the high earner will now be liable to pay the Child Benefit charge through self assessment. You can ‘change your mind’ within two years of the end of the tax year in which you would have been entitled to Child Benefit. Unfortunately, if you delay, this could mean changes to your self assessment return and possible interest and late payment penalties.

Who pays the piper?

Another hazard for couples is where both members of the couple earn close to the £50,000 or £60,000 limits. It may seem like a technicality, but HMRC doesn’t just want the money, it wants the money from the right person.

For example Jack and Jill have two children. Their Child Benefit entitlement in 2014/15 is £20.50 a week for the elder child and £13.55 a week for the younger child (£1,770.60 a year in total). Jack paid the High Income Child Benefit Charge in 2013/14. In 2014/15, Jill earns £52,000 as an employee and is not registered for self assessment. Jack is self-employed. He usually earns about £55,000 a year, but in 2014/15 he invested in a new computer system for the business and his taxable profit falls to £51,000. As Jill is the higher earner for 2014/15, she will need to register for self assessment (before 5 October 2015) and pay the High Income Child Benefit Charge by 31 January 2016. The rules apply to all couples whether married, civil partners, or simply living together. Exceptionally, the High Income Child Benefit Charge can even apply where the child is living with someone else, but you are supporting them and claiming Child Benefit. All in all, whoever is looking after the children, if someone is claiming Child Benefit and you are connected with that person, it’s time to talk to your tax adviser.

BEATING THE SYSTEM

In a world where there are penalties for everything, people can be tempted to try and beat the system. Some employers have attempted to avoid late filing penalties for PAYE RTI returns by all sorts of ruses: asking for employee hours earlier in the month; carrying overtime forward to the next month; or otherwise using approximate figures. Figures tweaked like this can lead to inaccuracies in the payroll, increased National Insurance costs and lower benefit entitlement for some lower paid workers. Remember:

It is possible to send an Earlier Period Update without incurring a penalty. Paying a worker for fewer hours than they actually worked one month, and adding the hours onto the following month, could mean that the employee is paid below the Lower Earnings Limit one month and so misses out on National Insurance credits. It also means that the National Insurance cost in the following month will be higher than if earnings had been spread evenly. Tweaking the figures is inadvisable and can have a sting in the tail

HAVE YOU BEEN TURNED INTO AN INTERMEDIARY ?

How many UK businesses would think they were affected by new rules for ‘offshore employment intermediaries’? Or, for that matter, ‘onshore’ employment intermediaries?

After the dust has settled on the Government consultation, new rules are here for ‘employment intermediaries’, and you may unwittingly, be one. Owner-managed businesses which are run as limited companies or as partnerships can be affected. This is because the rules now treat anyone who is a link in the chain between an ‘end user client’ and a worker as an ‘intermediary’. If your business structure involves an ‘employment intermediary’, there are two sets of rules to watch out for:
  • Agency rules which could make you an employee of your own business, or challenge your remuneration split
  • Reporting rules which would require you to make quarterly reports to HMRC of people who work for you and who are not treated as employees

As we have come to expect, there are penalties for failure to make returns, or to apply PAYE as required.

This newsletter deals with a number of topics which, it is hoped, will be of general interest to clients. However, in the space available it is impossible to mention all the points which may be relevant in individual cases, so please contact us for personal advice on your own affairs.

The reporting rules apply from 6 April 2015. The rules are complex, so it is worth taking advice if you think the rules could apply to you. The reporting rules require you to make returns to HMRC if you are an ‘employment intermediary’ as described above and you supply more than one worker to an end client. How this works is best seen by looking at two examples:

How you could be taxed as an employee

William Wallace is a partner in a restaurant business, ‘Haggis and Neeps’. However, he also worked for two weeks in another restaurant business, ‘The Bruce and Spider’, to provide holiday cover. If William is under ‘supervision, direction or control’ when he provides holiday cover at ‘The Bruce and Spider’, he is caught by the revised Agency rules, and is taxed as an employee. His own partnership, ‘Haggis and Neeps’, would become his employer for the holiday cover work and it would be liable to deduct PAYE from his earnings from ‘The Bruce and Spider’. Such income would then become William’s personal income for tax purposes, and not that of the ‘Haggis and Neeps’ partnership.

On the other hand, if William provides holiday cover as head chef, he might not be subject to ‘supervision, direction or control’. In this case, earnings from ‘The Bruce and Spider’ would be partnership income of ‘Haggis and Neeps’. The dividing line can be very fine, and the consequences of getting it wrong could be substantial.

When you might need to make returns

Malcolm trades via his own limited company, Malcolm IV Ltd. He supplies his services to Daylight Holdings plc. He is not subject to ‘supervision, direction or control’.

In May 2015, David joins the team at Malcolm IV Ltd, and assists on the contract with Daylight Holdings plc. As Malcolm IV Ltd now supplies two workers, it needs to consider the new reporting requirements.

If you work through your own partnership, such as a farming partnership carrying out contract work for other farms, the reporting rules could also apply.

There are exceptions to these rules, but these are narrowly drawn. As the PAYE deductions and reporting requirements apply now, this cannot wait until your usual year end accounts.

As so much depends on the detail of the arrangement, we would recommend that anyone concerned about these issues gets in touch.